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Hi ha alguns programes d'interfície per al sistema APT que fan significativament fàcil l'aconseguir llistats dels paquets que estan disponibles per a la instal·lació o que ja ho estan, així com cercar la secció d'un paquet, prioritat, descripció, etc.
Però... el nostre objectiu aquí és el d'usar APT en estat pur. Així que: Com podreu conèixer el nom d'un paquet que voleu instal·lar?
That's what this chapter intends to answer. Let's check out our options.
Per exemple, suposem que voleu reviure l'època daurada de l'Atari 2600. Voleu usar APT per a instal·lar un emulador Atari, i després descarregar-vos alguns jocs. Podeu fer el següent:
$ aptitude search atari
p atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
p atari800 - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
p console-keymaps-atari - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.
We find several packages related to what we're looking for, together with brief descriptions. The p letter at the begining of the line is similar to the notation used inside the curses UI aptitude uses. It means, thus, that the package is not installed. Important to notice that aptitude only searches package names by default. You can use all the search options provided by aptitude, which you can discover by reading the aptitude's User Manual. To search the descriptions, for example, you could use:
$ aptitude search ~datari
p aranym - Atari Running on Any Machine
p atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on no
p atari800 - Atari emulator for X/curses/SDL
p circuslinux - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to
p circuslinux-data - Data files for circuslinux
p console-keymaps-atari - Keymaps for Atari keyboards.
[...]
p stella - Atari 2600 Emulator for SDL & X windows
[...]
Now, that returned many more packages, as we can see. Now that we found a list of possible solutions to our problem, let's go deeper into them:
$ aptitude show stella
Package: atari-fdisk-cross
Version: 0.7.1-5
Priority: extra
Section: otherosfs
Maintainer: Roman Hodek <roman@hodek.net$gt;
Uncompressed Size: 106k
Description: Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari)
Atari-fdisk allows you to create and edit the partition table of a disk
partitioned in Atari format. It supports both the AHDI 5.0 and ICD variations
of the Atari format. It is an interactive tool with a menu similar to PC
fdisk, and also supports most options of PC fdisk.
En aquesta eixida teniu molt detallada quant al paquet que voleu (o que no voldreu) instal·lar, junt amb una completa descripció del mateix. Si el paquet ja estigués instal·lat al vostre sistema i hagués una versió més recent, veuríeu l'informació d'ambdues versions. Per exemple:
$ apt-cache show muine
Package: muine
Version: 0.5.0-1
Priority: optional
Section: gnome
Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.7), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.17), gconf-sharp (>= 0.17), gnome-sharp (>= 0.17)
Architecture: i386
Filename: ./pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.5.0-1_i386.deb
Size: 164314
Installed-Size: 692
MD5sum: 9885f13e5ef4f76b3bf6fe7bb3ea8634
Description: Simple music player
Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
management application.
Package: muine
Priority: optional
Section: gnome
Installed-Size: 492
Maintainer: Link Dupont <link@subpop.net>
Architecture: i386
Version: 0.4.0-8
Depends: gstreamer-gconf (>= 0.6.4), libatk1.0-0 (>= 1.4.1), libbonobo2-0 (>= 2.4.3), libc6 (>= 2.3.2.ds1-4), libflac4, libgconf2-4 (>= 2.4.0.1), libgdbm3, libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.2.3), libgnomevfs2-0 (>= 2.4.1), libgnomevfs2-common (>= 2.4.1), libgstreamer0.6-0 (>= 0.6.1-2), libgtk2.0-0 (>= 2.2.1), libid3tag0 (>= 0.15.0b), libogg0 (>= 1.1.0), liborbit2 (>= 1:2.8.0), libpango1.0-0 (>= 1.2.1), libvorbis0a (>= 1.0.1), libvorbisfile3 (>= 1.0.1), libxml2 (>= 2.6.6), zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.1), gconf2 (>= 2.4.0), mono-jit (>= 0.30) | cli-virtual-machine, gtk-sharp (>= 0.16), gconf-sharp (>= 0.16), gnome-sharp (>= 0.16)
Filename: pool/main/m/muine/muine_0.4.0-8_i386.deb
Size: 139864
MD5sum: e746709ad6a6fcc1e9c46b46b3d6e5b2
Description: Simple music player
Muine is an innovative music player. It has a simple interface designed to
allow the user to easily construct playlists from albums and/or single songs.
Its goal is to be simply a music player, not to become a robust music
management application.
Obtenir informació quant als paquets.
# apt-cache showpkg penguin-command
Package: penguin-command
Versions:
1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status)
Reverse Depends:
Dependencies:
1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3)
Provides:
1.4.5-1 -
Reverse Provides:
I per a saber els paquets del que depèn:
# apt-cache depends penguin-command
penguin-command
Depends: libc6
Depends: libpng2
Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1
Depends: libsdl1.1
Depends: zlib1g
En resum, tenim una gran varietat d'armes que podem usar per a esbrinar el nom d'un paquet que desitgem instal·lar.
Una de les maneres per a localitzar el nom d'un paquet és coneixent el nom d'un fitxer important que es trobi dins d'aquest paquet. Per exemple, per a esbrinar el paquet que proveeix un fitxer ".h" en particular que necessiteu per a una compilació podeu executar:
# dpkg -S stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h
perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h
o:
# dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
Notice that this method only works to find package names of packages that are
installed in your system. You'll have to use auto-apt (see Com instal·lar paquets "sota
demanda", Secció 7.1) or apt-file (see Com esbrinar a quin paquet pertany un fitxer, Secció
6.3) to search for files on packages which are not installed. You can also
take a look at the http://packages.debian.org/
website. To list the names of packages installed on your system, which is
useful, for example, if you plan to clean up your hard drive, you can run:
# dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser
El problema amb aquest comandament és que pot "trencar" el nom del paquet. A l'anterior exemple, el nom complet del paquet és mozilla-browser. Per adobar això, podeu usar la variable d'entorn COLUMNS de la següent manera:
[kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii mozilla-browser 0.9.6-7 Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser
Si voleu instal·lar un paquet i no podeu esbrinar com s'anomena aquest
cercant-lo amb apt-cache, però coneixeu el nom d'un fitxer del
mateix programa o el de cap altre fitxer que pertanyi a aquest paquet, llavors
podeu usar apt-file per a cercar el nom del paquet. Això es fa de
la següent manera:
$ apt-file search nom_fitxer
Funciona de mode similar a dpkg -S, però també us mostra paquets
no instal·lats que contingan el fitxer. També pot usar-se per a esbrinar quins
paquets contenen els fitxers "include" necessaris per a la compilació
de certs programes, tot i que per aquests casos auto-apt és una
solució millor per aquests casos, consulteu Com instal·lar paquets "sota
demanda", Secció 7.1.
També podeu llistar el contingut d'un paquet executant:
$ apt-file list nom_paquet
apt-file manté una base de dades amb els fitxers que contenen tots
els paquets, de la mateixa manera que ho fa auto-apt i per això necessita estar
actualitzada. Això s'aconsegueix executant:
# apt-file update
Per defecte, apt-file usa la mateixa base de dades que
auto-apt, consulteu Com
instal·lar paquets "sota demanda", Secció 7.1.
There are lots of web resources with informations about the packages available in the Debian distribution, most of them directed mainly towards Debian Developers, but many of them may be useful for users, too.
The Debian Packages
Pages lets you search for packages that are available on the various
architectures Debian supports and, also, search for the contents of all the
Debian packages. There are information regarding dependencies and other
relationships with packages. There are also links to download the source
package and the binary package for all architectures. You can use a shortcut
like http://packages.debian.org/packagename to have
quick access links to a package.
The Package Tracking
System provides information about what happened to the package
recently, what are the TODO itens, from a Debian maintainers point of view,
provides a summary of bugs reported and some more very useful information. One
of the nice things about the Package Tracking System is that it lets you
"subscribe" to a package to follow all the emails that the maintainer
usually receives about the package. This way you can follow the development of
packages that are crucial for your work or play. The
http://packages.qa.debian.org/packagename shortcut
works here, as well.
Finally, the Bug Tracking
System provides information about known bugs in the packages
distributed by Debian. This may be useful for you to find out why something
does not work the way you expected and even find solutions or work-arounds
through the bug logs. Also, read these pages and its documentation to be able
to fill good bug reports for Debian. The
http://bugs.debian.org/packagename shortcut also works
here, as expected, but the BTS (Bug Tracking System) also accepts other very
useful shortcuts like, for example,
http://bugs.debian.org/src:packagename to show all bug
reports on all binary packages provided by a given source package.
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APT HOWTO
2.0.2 - October 2006kov@debian.orgbella5 AT teleline DOT esorestes AT tsc.upc DOT es