

   TThhee EEffffeecctt ooff PPuunniisshhmmeenntt RReeggiimmeess oonn CCrriimmee RRaatteess

   AArrgguummeennttss::

          M: percentage of males aged 14-24

         So: indicator variable for a southern state

         Ed: mean years of schooling

        Po1: police expenditure in 1960

        Po2: police expenditure in 1959

         LF: labour force participation rate

        M.F: number of males per 1000 females

        Pop: state population

         NW: number of nonwhites per 1000 people

         U1: unemployment rate of urban males 14-24

         U2: unemployment rate of urban males 35-39

        GDP: gross domestic product per head

       Ineq: income inequality

       Prob: probability of imprisonment

       Time: average time served in state prisons

          y: rate of crimes in a particular category per head
             of population

   SSUUMMMMAARRYY::

        Criminologists are interested in the effect of punish-
        ment regimes on crime rates.  This has been studied
        using aggregate data on 47 states of the USA for 1960
        given in this data frame. The variables seem to have
        been re-scaled to convenient numbers.

   DDAATTAA DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN::

        This data frame contains the following columns:

   SSOOUURRCCEE::

        Ehrlich, I. (1973) Participation in illegitimate activ-
        ities: a theoretical and empirical investigation.
        Journal of Political Economy 81, 521-565.

        Vandaele, W. (1978) Participation in illegitimate
        activities: Ehrlich revisited.  In Deterrence and Inca-
        pacitation, eds A. Blumstein, J. Cohen and D. Nagin,
        pp. 270-335.  US National Academy of Sciences.

