Many of the standard Common Lisp functions have special type inference procedures that determine the result type as a function of the argument types. For example, the result type of aref is the array element type. Here are some other examples of type inferences:
(+ (the (integer 0 12) x) (the (integer 0 1) y))
(integer 0 13)
(ash (the (unsigned-byte 16) x) -8)
(unsigned-byte 8)